The rapid evolution of integrated circuit technology has brought with it many new materials and processing steps, at the nano-scale, which boost the electrical performance of devices, resulting in faster and more functionally-complex electronics. However, working at this reduced scale can bring second order effects that degrade efficiency and reliability. This book describes methods for the characterization, modelling, and simulation prediction of these second order effects, in order to optimize performance and energy effi ciency. It also considers new uses of nano-scaled semiconductor...