Polish populism, which advocated agrarian socialism by either revolutionary or reformist means, emerged first among the EmigrEs who had left Poland after the Russians defeated the nationalist uprising of 1830. In exile they came into contact with the ideas of French 'Utopian' socialists such as Babeuf, Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Cabet, and they attempted to adapt these ideas to the very different conditions prevailing in their east European homeland. Thus this version of populism preceded in time, and probably influenced, the emergence of the ideas of the better-known Russian narodniks.
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Polish populism, which advocated agrarian socialism by either revolutionary or reformist means, emerged first among the EmigrEs who had left Poland...
The Slovaks lived under Hungarian rule for centuries, with no clear sense of political separateness, preserving Slovak as their spoken language, but using Czech as their written language. In the last decades of the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries, the efforts made by clerical intellectuals to develop a language more closely attuned to Slovak needs led to the rise of Slovak nationalism.
The Slovak National Awakening describes the three major stages in the development of national consciousness. In the 1780s Catholic intellectuals began to write in the...
The Slovaks lived under Hungarian rule for centuries, with no clear sense of political separateness, preserving Slovak as their spoken language, bu...
