A historic analysis of the evolution of money and credit reveals how the nature of money changed: private property plus interest, tally sticks, coinage, fractional reserve banking, gold standards, fiat currencies, and debasement of fiat against gold. In this book, the results of the historic analysis are combined with the new theories of money, credit, and finance of Bethmann, Heinsohn, Kindleberger, Kutyn, Malik. Martin, Minsky, Nuri, Rothbard, Soddy, Soros, and Steiger, Their integration forms a stringent economic theory that is able to explain the past and present economic and financial...

This volume aims at bridging a gap in contemporary scientific military leadership research regarding leadership in challenging situations. Today s leaders face challenging situations in a complex world, in old as well as in new missions worldwide. The main purpose of this book is to provide knowledge as well as empirical data on leadership performance and experiences and to discuss a wide variety of leadership issues under extreme and challenging conditions. The approach is inter-disciplinary; therefore this volume comprises articles ranging from meta-level analysis, experiences gained in the...

Future generations of wireless networks will place great demands on the performance of radio access technology. This book describes the features of various mobile access technologies and assesses their strengths and weaknesses. In particular, it describes the underlying principles and practical implementation schemes for time division duplexing (TDD). The book begins with an overview of next-generation wireless systems. It then describes the basics of duplex communication modes, interference in cellular systems, and multiple user access techniques. Focusing on TDD systems, dynamic channel...

Balancing theoretical analysis and practical advice, this book describes all the underlying principles required to build high performance indoor optical wireless communication (OWC) systems based on visible and infrared light, alongside essential techniques for optimising systems by maximising throughput, reducing hardware complexity and measuring performance effectively. It provides a comprehensive analysis of information rate-, spectral- and power-efficiencies for single and multi-carrier transmission schemes, and a novel analysis of non-linear signal distortion, enabling the use of...

Future generations of wireless networks will place great demands on the performance of radio access technology. This book describes the features of various mobile access technologies and assesses their strengths and weaknesses. In particular, it describes the underlying principles and practical implementation schemes for time division duplexing (TDD). The book begins with an overview of next-generation wireless systems. It then describes the basics of duplex communication modes, interference in cellular systems, and multiple user access techniques. Focusing on TDD systems, dynamic channel...