The book begins with a brief prefatory discussion of its relation to structuralist and post-structuralist criticism. The first chapter, Apocryphal Voices', surveys the basis of modern critical approaches to l>personal> and irony' in Chaucer's poetry, and suggests that such approaches are better suited to unequivocally written contexts. A systematic hesitation between a wholly written and a wholly spoken context requires critical distinctions between types of l>persona/l>, and a number of distinctions in the range between l>persona/l> and voice. Morality in its Context' examines the Pardoner...