Underground space development may be one of the most significant was to contend with urban predicaments such as congestion, lack of open space, and aging infrastructures. However, designers must consider whether or not people will be willing to live and work in what could be perceived as inhospitable environments. Should people be required to work in underground facilities, Or should underground space be used solely for mechanical or transit services and low-occupancy functions such as storage? What must designers do to create subsurface spaces that will avoid or alleviate the psychological...