Rivers and lakes of South and Central America host 6000 fish species representing 30% of the world freshwater fish diversity. Despite an increasing interest from the scientific community in understanding the origin and processes that rose extant diversity to such levels, the biogeography of Amazonian fishes remains largely unknown. Yet, recent molecular studies pointed to the importance of the orogenic activity of the Andes, the marine highstand of the late Miocene, the climatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene or headwater capture events for the dynamic of the Amazonian biodiversity. This...