This essential overview for history students and general readers introduces and analyses the dynamics and relationships of the various social groups or classes of 19th century France - the nobility, bourgeoisie, elites, middle classes, and petty bourgeoisie. Professor Charles explores the hierarchies, cultural and economic influences, and the failures and successes of each social system. He integrates the many political, ideological and economic interpretations of the period - cited in a comprehensive bibliography - into a coherent and balanced contemporary view.

Who exactly are the 'intellectuals'? This term is so widely used today that we forget that it is a recent invention, dating from the late nineteenth century.

In Birth of the Intellectuals, the renowned historian and sociologist Christophe Charle shows that the term 'intellectuals' first appeared at the time of the Dreyfus Affair, and the neologism originally signified a cultural and political vanguard who dared to challenge the status quo. Yet the word, expected to disappear once the political crisis had dissolved, has somehow endured. At times it describes a social...

Who exactly are the 'intellectuals'? This term is so widely used today that we forget that it is a recent invention, dating from the late nineteenth century.

In Birth of the Intellectuals, the renowned historian and sociologist Christophe Charle shows that the term 'intellectuals' first appeared at the time of the Dreyfus Affair, and the neologism originally signified a cultural and political vanguard who dared to challenge the status quo. Yet the word, expected to disappear once the political crisis had dissolved, has somehow endured. At times it describes a social...