This book develops a way of representing the meanings of linguistic expressions independent of any particular language, allowing them to be manipulated in accordance with rules related to their meanings that could be implemented on a computer. Beginning with a survey of the contributions of linguistics, logic, and computer science to the representation problem, it presents a system of graphs organized by scope relations in which linguistic constituents are sub-graphs whose configuration is determined by their categories.

This book presents in translation writings by six medieval philosophers which bear on the subject of conscience. Conscience, which can be considered both as a topic in the philosophy of mind and a topic in ethics, has been unduly neglected in modern philosophy, where a prevailing belief in the autonomy of ethics leaves it no natural place. It was, however, a standard subject for a treatise in medieval philosophy. Three introductory translations here, from Jerome, Augustine and Peter Lombard, present the loci classici on which subsequent discussions drew; there follows the first complete...