The Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics was created in 1965 by a group of L.D. Landau's pupils. Very soon, it was widely recognized as one of the world's leading centres in theoretical physics. According to "Science Magazine", the Institute in the 1980s had the highest citation index among all the scientific organizations in the former Soviet Union. These selected papers of the Institute reflect the development of the many directions in the exact sciences since the 1960s. The reader can find the original formulations of well-known notions in condensed matter theory, quantum field theory,...