Mediterranean and West European pre-modern agriculture (agriculture before 1600) was by necessity organic agriculture'. Crop protection is part and parcel of this agriculture, with weed control in the forefront. Crop protection is embedded in the medieval agronomy text books but specialised sections do occur. Weeds, insects and diseases are described but identification in modern terms is not easy. The pre-modern Crop Portfolio' is well filled, certainly in the Mediterranean area. The medieval Pest Portfolio' differs from the modern one because agriculture then was a Low External Input...