The organizational history of American government during the past 100 years has been written principally in terms of the creation of larger and larger public organizations. Beginning with the Progressive movement, no matter the goal, the reflexive response has been to consolidate and centralize into formal hierarchies. That efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability, and the coordination necessary to achieve them, are promoted by such reorganizations has become widely accepted.

Borrowing from social psychology, sociology, political science, and public administration, and using the...

This monumental study provides an innovative and powerful means for understanding institutions by applying problem solving theory to the creation and elaboration of formal organizational rules and procedures. Based on a meticulously researched historical analysis of the U.S. Navy's officer personnel system from its beginnings to 1941, the book is informed by developments in cognitive psychology, cognitive science, operations research, and management science. It also offers important insights into the development of the American administrative state, highlighting broader societal conflicts...

The business environment is becoming increasingly global and competitive which in turn makes the role of a business manager more challenging and diverse. For this reason and others companies are growing through cross border mergers, joint ventures, direct investments and others strategic alliances. Similarly markets are getting closer to each other by virtue of a variety of integration from a simple trade level integration to political unification. Because of these changes, markets followed by product and customer integration, both product and customers are becoming increasingly global. In...