In comparing plant and animal tumors it must bc remembered, however, that there are certain developmental and I'unctional characteristics C01- monly used in the differentiation of animal cancers that are more or less restricted to animals and cannot, therefore, be carried over and applied to plant tumors. These have been dealt with in detail by WHITE and BRAUN (1942) and by BLACK (1949), and will not be considered further here. The most essential characteristic of being able to grow independently of any morphogenetic restraint, upon which all of the other diagnostic features must ultimately...

The second half of the twentieth century has seen the use of machine intelligence infiltrate many critical areas of technology, including defence and military planning. Intelligent knowledge-based systems have the potential to augment informed judgement and to help avoid high-technology failures such as the Chernobyl meltdown by reducing the margin for human error. However, as our understanding of the nature of information and human intelligence is extremely limited, it is now recognised that we need to develop a body of scientific knowledge about artificial intelligence to ensure that these...

Not so if the book has been translated into Arabic. Now the reader can discern no meaning in the letters. The text conveys almost no information to the reader, yet the linguistic informa tion contained by the book is virtually the same as in the English original. The reader, familiar with books will still recognise two things, however: First, that the book is a book. Second, that the squiggles on the page represent a pattern of abstractions which probably makes sense to someone who understands the mean ing of those squiggles. Therefore, the book as such, will still have some meaning for the...

Ist Information eine unabhangige Grosse, wie Masse, Impuls oder elektrische Ladung? Professor T. Stonier ist davon uberzeugt. Information existiert, unabhangig davon, ob jemand sie versteht. Mehr als 2000 Jahre konnte niemand agyptische Hieroglyphen entziffern, die Information war aber enthalten. Niemand wird bezweifeln, dass ein DNA-Kristall mehr Information tragt als ein Salzkristall derselben Masse. Der entscheidende Punkt ist, dass die Bildung eines DNA-Kristalls mehr Energie benotigt. Energie wird verbraucht, um Information zu erzeugen, d.h. um den Organisationsgrad eines Systems zu...

Designed to clarify issues relating to the concept of information, this volume aims to develop a science of information and to study a pattern of interrelated phenomena which extends throughout nature. It covers a range of territory, from the nature of information to how neurons create thought.