Although the calculus of variations has ancient origins in questions of Ar- istotle and Zenodoros, its mathematical principles first emerged in the post- calculus investigations of Newton, the Bernoullis, Euler, and Lagrange. Its results now supply fundamental tools of exploration to both mathematicians and those in the applied sciences. (Indeed, the macroscopic statements ob- tained through variational principles may provide the only valid mathemati- cal formulations of many physical laws. ) Because of its classical origins, variational calculus retains the spirit of natural philosophy...

Although the calculus of variations has ancient origins in questions of Ar- istotle and Zenodoros, its mathematical principles first emerged in the post- calculus investigations of Newton, the Bernoullis, Euler, and Lagrange. Its results now supply fundamental tools of exploration to both mathematicians and those in the applied sciences. (Indeed, the macroscopic statements ob- tained through variational principles may provide the only valid mathemati- cal formulations of many physical laws. ) Because of its classical origins, variational calculus retains the spirit of natural philosophy...