A robust black professional class has existed in many southern cities since the nineteenth century and in large northern cities, such as Chicago, New York, and Washington, D.C., since early in the twentieth century. In contrast, the black professional class in Syracuse, New York, a midsized northern industrial city, developed relatively late and operated largely in the margins around the white populace.Employing a conflict theory approach, the authors analyze the effects of black migration north, affirmative action, school integration, urban renewal, deindustrialization, political...
A robust black professional class has existed in many southern cities since the nineteenth century and in large northern cities, such as Chicago, New ...
