The basic contention of this study is that the colonial rule had far more serious consequence than it has been realized. It radically transformed the nature of the Islamic societies of Egypt and Muslim India to that of an 'Islamicate'societies. This affected the religious, cultural, social, and legal aspects including ethnic and minority relations, gender relations and even their educational system. The phrase 'Islamicate' is here borrowed from Marshall Hodgson, who used it in his The Ventures of Islam to indicate the changes that took place due to the modernization under the impact of the...