Carbon has always been a unique and intriguing material from a funda- mental standpoint and, at the same time, a material with many technological uses. Carbon-based materials, diamond, graphite and their many deriva- tives, have attracted much attention in recent years for many reasons. Ion implantation, which has proven to be most useful in modifying the near- surface properties of many kinds of materials, in particular semiconductors, has also been applied to carbon-based materials. This has yielded, mainly in the last decade, many scientifically interesting and technologically impor- tant...