Mathematics is one of the most basic and ancient types of knowledge, and yet few know much about its historical development. This encyclopedia aims to recover our mathematical heritage, examining the history and philosophy of the mathematical sciences in a cultural context, and tracing their evolution from ancient times to the 20th century. In 176 articles contributed by authors of 18 nationalities, this encyclopedia describes and analyzes the variety of theories, proofs and techniques, as well as practical applications of pure, applied and statistical mathematics. It demonstrates the...