Utilities across the USA rely on online monitors to help them track important parameters such as disinfectant residual and particle removal. However, there are no guidelines on how to operate these monitors so that they are consistent and measure as accurately as possible. This study investigated the current uses of all online monitors in plants and their calibration and maintenance procedures in order to gain an understanding of the current industry standards. The purpose of this project was to evaluate how utilities are using and maintaining their online equipment and to provide guidelines...

The purpose of this report was to present the results of this partnership study, which included an analysis of chromium occurrence and co-occurrence, an evaluation of Cr(VI) removal technologies, and an examination of chromium oxidation and reduction chemistry. This study investigated nearly all of the potential methods of controlling Cr(VI) either through the use of technologies that remove Cr(VI) directly (adsorption, anion exchange, membrane filtration) or those that remove the reduced form of chromium, Cr(III) (precipitation with membranes or coagulation and precipitation with...

Only limited information existed about the occurrence of boron and chromium in drinking water sources prior to this project. In addition, chromium speciation in drinking water sources was not well understood. In fact, due to analytical method deficiencies, previous field sampling experiences had resulted in total chromium concentrations less than corresponding hexavalent chromium concentrations. This project specifically addressed the following questions: What are the analytical method challenges and sensitivities for reliable low-level detection of chromium species and boron in drinking...

Endoscopic microsurgery is a developing technique in plastic surgery. There are many advantages over traditional methods: improved access to difficult and hidden areas, better mobility, one optical instrument for endoscopic dissection and the microsurgical part, reduced overall costs, and a possibility to develop new procedures supported by the use of the endoscope. In the first volume of the series "Update in Plastic Surgery internationally acknowledged experts give an up-to-date view of the clinical possibilities in plastic surgery which result from video-assisted microsurgery with the...