Shortly after the Augsburg peace settlement of 1555, from 1563 to 1576, the Holy Roman Empire was threatened by the rivalry between Denmark and Sweden. This book examines the empire's reaction to a foreign crisis, the Seven Years' War of the North, and the connections between foreign policy and internal imperial politics. As this study will show, and contrary to most assumptions, the empire, through its confederal structure, was able to provide effective means for defending the domestic order against external dangers. Further, the empire could conduct a common foreign policy to protect common...

"Knowing" itself is a problematic concept and what was once seen as the clear objective of "knowing," that is to discover "truth" or "reality," has become increasingly less certain. This is even more the case when scholars move from the present to examine epistemology in the past. Two fundamental questions arise: What constituted knowledge in the context of early modern Germany and how was knowledge gathered, assembled, organized, deployed, and interpreted? Ways of Knowing seeks to answer these questions. Taking their cues from a range of interdisciplinary perspectives, including art,...

Any war wreaks havoc on cities as well as the countryside. Endangered Cities explores specifically the urban experience in twentieth-century war-torn Europe. Volume contributors draw on the history of cities in seven European countries between 1914 and 1945 in which in almost every instance the boundaries between civilian and military powers collapse. Eleven original essays examine major phenomena during the urban war-time experience, including the effort to anticipate and defend against air attack, the burdens of siege and occupation, the rituals that developed around popular...

Early modern Europe witnessed changes in the social, political, and ecclesiastical structures supporting poor relief, but notions that sharp fault lines divide rationalized, secular poor relief from morally and spiritually motivated ecclesiastical charity need rethinking. Spiritual ideals shaped political and social poor relief structures just as much as rationalization and effective administration colored ecclesiastical charity efforts. Poor relief reflects a local community. A community's unique history, culture, political agenda, social mores, and religious ideals converge to shape how it...

A companion volume to Charity and Economy in the Orphanages of Early Modern Augsburg, this book takes up the agency and individuality of the laboring poor and their children. It examines the economic lives of poor, distressed, or truncated families on the basis of 5,734 biographical descriptions of children who passed through the City, Catholic, and Lutheran orphanages of Augsburg between 1572 and 1806. Studied in conjunction with administrative, criminal, and fiscal records of various sorts, these "Orphan Books" reveal the laboring poor as flexible and adaptive. Their fates were...

David Mayes proposes a new religious paradigm in early modern rural Germany. "Communal Christianity," the religious practice prevalent among peasants in mid-sixteenth-century rural Upper Hesse is juxtaposed with the more formally organized "Confessional" sects (e.g. Lutheran, Calvinist). The author describes Communal Christianity's characteristics and persistence in the face of attempts at confessionalization during the period of 1576-1648 and links its success in part to the decree of the 1555 Religious Peace of Augsburg that only one confessionalized Christian sect be officially recognized...

Recomposing German Music illuminates the tangled relationship between music and politics in 20th-century Germany. Focusing on the reconstruction and division of Berlin's musical community after 1945, author Elizabeth Janik demonstrates how military occupation and Cold War rivalry transformed the city's elite musical institutions. Berlin became a crucible for competing interpretations of German musical tradition. Cultural authorities in East and West Berlin disputed the social authority responsible for defining and upholding musical standards, the appropriate relationship between art...

This book represents a multi-disciplinary approach to the problem of the Jews and the German Reformation. The contributions come from both senior and emerging scholars, from North America, Israel, and Europe, to ensure a breadth in perspective. The essays in this volume are arranged under four broad headings: 1. The Road to the Reformation (late medieval theology and the humanists and the Jews), 2. The Reformers and the Jews (essays on Luther, Melanchthon, Bucer, Zwingli, Calvin, Osiander, the Catholic Reformers, and the Radical Reformers), 3. Representations of Jews and Judaism (the...

This book examines the relationship between authoritarian policing and the modernization of postwar Germany's largest state in a passage from postwar crisis to consumer prosperity. Early in this transition, pre-Nazi (but also pre-liberal-democratic) authoritarian police traditions reemerged to meet the challenges of public order in the U.S. occupation. Authoritarian policing then helped define the evolving relationship between society and state during the economic miracle of the 1950s. However, this regime's success in midwifing a new, post-agricultural society led to its obsolescence and...

Drawing on extensive archival research, this study of Protestantism in Strasbourg (1870a "1914) rethinks traditional understandings of the relationship between religion and European urban modernity. Not only did the city's faith communities exploit modern means to promote the faith, but they also sought to make the community itself more modern.