Scientists and engineers in optics are increasingly confronted with problems that are of a random nature and that require a working knowledge of probability and statistics for their solution. This book develops these subjects within the context of optics, using a problem-solving approach. All methods are explicitly derived and can be traced back to three simple axioms given at the outset. This third edition contains many new applications to optical and physical phenomena, including a method of exactly estimating probability laws.

The Self-Organizing Map (SOM), with its variants, is the most popular artificial neural network algorithm in the unsupervised learning category. About 4000 research articles on it have appeared in the open literature, and many industrial projects use the SOM as a tool for solving hard real world problems. Many fields of science have adopted the SOM as a standard analytical tool: statistics, signal processing, control theory, financial analyses, experimental physics, chemistry and medicine. This new edition includes a survey of over 2000 contemporary studies to cover the newest results. Case...

While the present edition is bibliographically the third one of Vol. 8 of the Springer Series in Information Sciences (IS 8), the book actually stems from Vol. 17 of the series Communication and Cybernetics (CC 17), entitled Associative Memory - A System-Theoretical Approach, which appeared in 1977. That book was the first monograph on distributed associative memories, or "content-addressable memories" as they are frequently called, especially in neural-networks research. This author, however, would like to reserve the term "content-addressable memory" for certain more traditional constructs,...

Due to continual progress in the large-scale integration of semiconductor circuits, parallel computing principles can already be met in low-cost sys tems: numerous examples exist in image processing, for which special hard ware is implementable with quite modest resources even by nonprofessional designers. Principles of content addressing, if thoroughly understood, can thereby be applied effectively using standard components. On the other hand, mass storage based on associative principles still exists only in the long term plans of computer technologists. This situation is somewhat confused...

In the first edition of this book, we covered in Chapter 6 and 7 the applications to multidimensional convolutions and DFT's of the transforms which we have introduced, back in 1977, and called polynomial transforms. Since the publication of the first edition of this book, several important new developments concerning the polynomial transforms have taken place, and we have included, in this edition, a discussion of the relationship between DFT and convolution polynomial transform algorithms. This material is covered in Appendix A, along with a presentation of new convolution polynomial...

During the past two decades there has been a considerable growth in interest in problems of pattern recognition and image processing (PRIP). This inter est has created an increasing need for methods and techniques for the design of PRIP systems. PRIP involves analysis, classification and interpretation of data. Practical applications of PRIP include character recognition, re mote sensing, analysis of medical signals and images, fingerprint and face identification, target recognition and speech understanding. One difficulty in making PRIP systems practically feasible, and hence, more popularly...

This book consists of papers presented at an international symposium spon sored and organised by The Rank Prize Funds and held at The Royal Society, London, on 27-29 September, 1982. Since the inception of the Funds, the Trustees and their Scientific Advi sory Committee on Opto-e1ectronics have considered that the scope of opto electronics should extend to cover the question of how the eye transduces and processes optical information. The Funds have aimed to organise symposia on topics which, because of their interdisciplinary nature, were not well cov ered by other regular international...

Lnear prediction theory and the related algorithms have matured to the point where they now form an integral part of many real-world adaptive systems. When it is necessary to extract information from a random process, we are frequently faced with the problem of analyzing and solving special systems of linear equations. In the general case these systems are overdetermined and may be characterized by additional properties, such as update and shift-invariance properties. Usually, one employs exact or approximate least-squares methods to solve the resulting class of linear equations. Mainly...

The field of digital image restoration is concerned with the reconstruction or estimation of uncorrupted images from noisy, blurred ones. This blurring may be caused by optical distortions, object motion during imaging, or atmospheric turbulence. There are existing or potential applications of image restoration in many scientific and engineering fields, e.g. aerial imaging, remote sensing electron microscopy, and medical imaging. This book describes recent advances and provides a survey of the field. New research results are presented on the formulation of the restoration problem, the...

This book deals with novel machine vision architecture ideas that make real-time projection-based algorithms a reality. The design is founded on raster-mode processing, which is exploited in a powerful and flexible pipeline. We concern ourselves with several image analysis algorithms for computing: projections of gray-level images along linear patterns (i. e., the Radon transform) and other curved contours; convex hull approximations; the Hough transform for line and curve detection; diameters; moments and principal components, etc. Addition ally, we deal with an extensive list of key image...