This book comprehensively explores the multifaceted realm of solar energy conversion, delving into various cutting-edge technologies and methodologies spanning photovoltaics, thermal energy conversion, electrochemical energy conversion, innovative approaches, and solar optics. It provides a thorough understanding of the principles, advancements, and challenges across these domains, catering to researchers, practitioners, and academics in the field of optical sciences and photonics.

This book highlights various applications of upconversion phosphors mainly for solar cells and in biomedical sciences. The tuning of chemical and physical properties in upconversion phosphors has a strong influence on a number of assorted applications including solid-state lasers, photovoltaic, and bioimaging. This book presents a fundamental understanding of upconversion luminescence, and the theoretical elucidation of spectroscopic properties and luminescence dynamics of photon upconversion in rare-earth-activated phosphors.