This volume examines the links between the changes in the oil industry in the Middle East and North Africa, and the growth of politically radical movements referring to Islam. It charts the rise in oil revenues in the 1970s and early 1980s, and the subsequent economic and social failures of the region in the 1990s, leading to a decline in the fortunes of the oil industry and the possibility of a post-oil era. The differing fortunes of the oil industry are therefore charted against a background of historical, religious, economic and social issues and, more importantly, social unrest.