Formal specification is the name given to the use of discrete mathematics in computer science for describing the function of both hardware and software systems. Poor specification often gives rise to severe problems in software and hardware installation. This textbook is an introduction to both the theory and practice of formal specification, and this new edition includes two new chapters on Z, one giving a number of small examples in Z, the other covering design and Z. Prerequisites in this edition have been kept to a minimum since Professor Ince is at pains to develop the techniques of...

Now in a new second edition, this volume presents a clear and concise treatment of an increasingly important branch of mathematics. A unique introductory survey complete with easy-to-understand examples and sample problems, this text includes information on such basic combinatorial tools as recurrence relations, generating functions, incidence matrices, and the non-exclusion principle. It also provides a study of block designs, Steiner triple systems, and expanded coverage of the marriage theorem, as well as a unified account of three important constructions which are significant in coding...

This volume provides a down-to-earth, easily understandable guide to techniques of matrix theory, which are widely used throughout engineering and the physical, life, and social sciences. Fully up-to-date, the book covers a wide range of topics, from basic matrix algebra to such advanced concepts as generalized inverses and Hadamard matrices, and applications to error-correcting codes, control theory, and linear programming. Results are illustrated with many examples drawn from diverse areas of application. Numerous exercises are included to clarify the material presented in the text, which...

Systems that evolve with time occur frequently in nature and modelling the behavior of such systems provides an important application of mathematics. These systems can be completely deterministic, but it may be possible too to control their behavior by intervention through "controls." The theory of optimal control is concerned with determining such controls which, at minimum cost, either direct the system along a given trajectory or enable it to reach a given point in its state space. This textbook is a straightforward introduction to the theory of optimal control with an emphasis on...