The long twelfth century 1050 to 1215 embraces one of the transformative moments in European history: the point, for some, at which Europe first truly became Europe. Historians have used the terms renaissance, reformation, and revolution to account for the dynamism of intellectual, religious, and structural renewal manifest across schools, monasteries, courts, and churches. Complicating the story, more recent historical work has highlighted manifestations of social crisis and oppression. In European Transformations: The Long Twelfth Century, nineteen accomplished medievalists...
The long twelfth century 1050 to 1215 embraces one of the transformative moments in European history: the point, for some, at which Europe first tr...
