The patent system is based on "one-patent-per-product" presumption and therefore fails to sustain complex follow-on innovations that contain a number of patents. The book explains that follow-on innovations may be subject to market failures such as hold-ups and excessive royalties. For decades, scholars have debated whether the market problems can be solved with voluntary licensing i.e., open innovation, or with compulsory liability rules. The book concludes that neither approach is sufficient. On the one hand, incentives to engage in open innovation practices involving patents are...

This book draws a unique perspective on the regulation of access to clinical trial data as a case on research and knowledge externalities. Notwithstanding numerous potential benefits for medical research and public health, many jurisdictions have struggled to ensure access to clinical trial data, even at the level of the trial results. Pro-access policy initiatives have been strongly opposed by research-based drug companies arguing that mandatory data disclosure impedes their innovation incentives. Conventionally, access to test data has been approached from the perspective of transparency...

Dieses Open-Access-Buch untersucht, inwieweit Anbieter im Online-Vertrieb das technische Erkenntnisverfahren Profiling zum Zwecke der Preispersonalisierung einsetzen und welche rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen dabei gelten. Preispersonalisierung liegt vor, wenn der Preis für ein Gut oder eine Dienstleistung an die Zahlungsbereitschaft des einzelnen Kunden angepasst wird. Dafür ist u.a. die zielgerichtete Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten notwendig. Preispersonalisierung unterscheidet sich damit von dynamischen Preissetzungsmethoden, die bloßer Ausdruck von Angebot und Nachfrage sind....