First Published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2001. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Beginning with the pre-Islamic period and continuing to recent historical times, this volume covers the whole of the Arab world, including the Arab empires in Europe.