Infrastructures are the backbone of any economy, and energy is vital to a society's way of life. Electricity transmission, gas and oil pipelines, smart grids, storage of energy, and, later on, CO2 transport are essential elements of present and future energy systems. The energy and climate policies conducted by the European Union since 2007 have led to: the third energy package governing the internal electricity and gas markets; the directive setting the target of 20% of renewable sources of energy by 2020; the energy efficiency directive; and, most recently, the regulation establishing the...

The EU has developed an increasingly ambitious energy efficiency policy. In particular, with the publication of an EU Energy Efficiency Action Plan in April 2000, the issue of efficiency has become a central concern for policy makers. The recent passage of the Energy Efficiency Directive underlines this trend: this is a piece of legislation which has the potential to profoundly influence the activity and behavior of energy suppliers, consumers, energy service companies, and others involved in the energy sector. This volume covers all areas of EU energy efficiency policy, from the objectives...

This book examines the latest developments of the European Union's energy policy and particularly the way security of energy supply is taken into account and handled. As one of the three objectives of the EU energy policy, security of supply emerged as a central element of the policy, after the January 2009 gas crisis and now with the consequences of the Fukushima events. The contributions to this book are from the most informed people on the various. It analyses the extensive developments of the concept toward energy security, the impact of the third internal market package on its...

Regulation (EU) No 1227/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Wholesale Energy Market Integrity and Transparency ("REMIT") entered into force on 28 December 2011. The Regulation is the first attempt to regulate EU trading in energy products which is not purely financial. REMIT introduces two fundamental prohibitions, on insider trading and market manipulation, and a series of disclosure and other obligations on companies active in the wholesale markets for electricity and gas in the EEA, which the Agency for Cooperation of European Regulators ("ACER") has been developing...