Communicating Process Architecture (CPA) describes an approach to system development that is process-oriented. It makes no great distinction between hardware and software. It has a major root in the theory of Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP). However, the underlying theory is not limited to CSP. The importance of mobility of both channel and process within a network sees integration with ideas from the eth-calculus. Other formalisms are also exploited, such as BSP and MPI. The focus is on sound methods for the engineering of significant concurrent systems, including those that are...

Urolithiasis is one of the most frequently encountered disorders in urology clinics, but among all urological diseases, it has witnessed the most rapid progress in treatment in recent years. New techniques and technology have brought minimally invasive therapies, improvement in the quality of patients' lives, and cost-effectiveness in treatment outcomes. Development of endoscopic retrograde treatment of urolithiasis led to the percutaneous antegrade maneuver, followed by clinical use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Today, subsequent advances in urology have all but eliminated the...