The period of modern numismatics (since about 1800) is perhaps the most interesting ever. Within this period different types of standards (silver, gold, bimetallic) alternated, and periods of sometimes impressive inflation occurred, resulting in alternate use of metallic (coins) and paper (treasury notes, banknotes) money. In this series of books it is aimed to develop a scientific classification of the different appearances of circulating money (both coins and different types of paper and polymer money) in one system. It focuses purely on permanent circulation money to avoid incorporation...