Although Nigeria adopted the American presidential system in 1979, bureaucracy-democracy relations continue to be shrouded with seven fundamental historical issues that are unique to Nigeria. These issues are its colonial heritage, the prevalent diarchy of the civil and the military bureaucracies for more than half of the 50 years of Nigerian independence, the inherited British Westminster parliamentary traditional dichotomy between politics and administration, the inherent powerful nature of bureaucracy, the threat to Nigerian nationhood, intractable challenge of the Nigerian multiethnic...

Advocacy for federalism in Kenya emerged amidst World War II and its aftermath. The rapidly changing political, economic, and social environment in Great Britain and British colonies in Africa formed the background for uncertainty and concern for the future among Kenya's European settler minority. Federalism's appeal came forth among a portion of the European community and some of the colonial rulers who were concerned about a post-war world that seemed certain to bring far reaching changes in Britain's most important East African dependency. These included democratization, the extension...