Satellite Hydrocarbon Exploration: Interpretation and Integration Techniques

ISBN-13: 9783642785894 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 319 str.

Zeev Berger

Opis

Opening Remarks and spectral signatures which are manifested on satellite imagery data. The debut of satellite imaging systems on board This book aims to fill that gap. It is based on ex Landsat I in 1972 was a technological advance of perience gained in the past 14 years by me and considerable interest to earth scientists in general other members of the remote sensing and the and exploration geologists in particular. Two major structural analysis research groups at Exxon Pro uses were anticipated for the satellite data. First, it duction Research Company. Explorationists from was expected to replace the traditional aerial pho various Exxon affiliates which have used image tograph that had proven to be useful for mapping data to support hydrocarbon exploration have also geological structures, whether well exposed at the contributed. The examples used here, therefore, surface or obscured by thick vegetative and soil co are taken directly from Exxon's case studies and verage. In addition, it was predicted that the spec training material. The reader must bear in mind tral information provided by the imaging systems that some of the examples which are illustrated could be used to directly detect hydrocarbons from here have been modified to some extent for the sake space. of simplicity as well as for proprietary reasons."

Recenzje

"This is a refreshingly straightforward and clear account, underpinned by loads of real examples...It works extremely well, because the author knows exactly what he's writing about, because he has done it, and because he is thinking in terms of three-dimensional geology all the time...It is the most practical book on remote sensing in geology to date... And its an enjoyable read, too!"Journal of Petroleum Geology

Spis treści

1 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Technology, Interpretation and Integration.- 1 Imaging Systems.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The Multispectral Scanning System.- 1.2.1 The Advantages of Multispectral Imaging.- 1.2.2 A Word of Caution.- 1.3 The Thematic Mapper.- 1.3.1 Changes in Spectral Range.- 1.3.2 Advantages of Increased Spatial Resolution and Spectral Range.- 1.4 The SPOT Satellite.- 1.4.1 Off-Nadir Viewing Capabilities.- 1.5 Radar Imagery.- 1.5.1 Background.- 1.5.1.1 Factors Affecting Reflection Intensity.- 1.5.1.2 Factors Affecting Resolution — Range Resolution.- 1.5.1.3 Factors Affecting Resolution Azimuth Resolution.- 1.5.2 Advantages of Mapping with Radar Imagery.- 1.5.2.1 Cloud Penetration.- 1.5.2.2 “Treetop Geology”.- 1.5.2.3 Surface Roughness Detection.- 1.5.2.4 Preferred Look Directions.- 1.5.2.5 Stereo Radar Imaging of Geological Structures.- 1.5.3 Problems with Radar Imagery.- 1.5.3.1 Slant Range Images.- 1.5.3.2 Layover.- 1.5.4 Spaceborne Radar Systems in Use.- 1.5.5 Future Spaceborne Radar Systems.- 1.5.6 Evaluation of Space Radar.- 1.6 Summary.- References and Further Reading.- 2 Digital Image Manipulation.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Imagery Enhancement Techniques.- 2.2.1 Contrast Stretching.- 2.2.2 Standard False-Color Imagery.- 2.2.3 Intensity, Hue and Saturation Transformations.- 2.2.4 Ratio Enhancement.- 2.2.5 Edge Enhancement.- 2.3 Information Extraction Techniques.- 2.3.1 Spectral Classification.- 2.3.2 Supervised Classification.- 2.3.3 Unsupervised Classification.- 2.4 Merged Imagery.- 2.5 Summary.- References and Further Reading.- 3 Image Interpretation Techniques: Exposed Structures.- 3.1 Definitions and Classification.- 3.2 Analysis of Exposed Folds.- 3.2.1 Dip and Strike of Inclined Bedrock Strata.- 3.2.2 Landforms Related to Inclined Bedrock Strata.- 3.2.3 Shadowing Effects.- 3.2.4 Geomorphic Expressions of Different Fold Types.- 3.2.5 Complications in the Expressions of Folded Strata.- 3.3 Analysis of Exposed Faults.- 3.3.1 Surface Expressions of Fault Scarps.- 3.3.2 Geomorphic Expressions of Different Fault Types.- 3.3.2.1 Multidirectional Positive.- 3.3.2.2 Parallel Composite.- 3.3.2.3 Linear Negative.- 3.3.2.4 Sinuous Positive.- 3.3.3 Modification of Fault-Line Traces.- 3.3.3.1 Inverted.- 3.3.3.2 Pseudo-Fault.- 3.3.3.3 Polyphase.- 3.4 Surface and Structural Patterns of Different Structural Styles.- 3.4.1 Compressional vs. Extensional Basement-Involved Fault Block Styles.- 3.4.2 Wrench Fault Assemblages.- 3.4.3 Dêcollement Thrust Fault Assemblages.- 3.4.4 Regional Structural Analysis.- 3.4.5 Reactivated Structures and Superimposed Styles.- 3.4.6 Word of Caution.- 3.5 Summary.- References and Further Reading.- 4 Image Interpretation Techniques: Obscured and Buried Structures.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 Mechanisms of Surface Expression.- 4.2 Analysis Criteria.- 4.2.1 Structurally Controlled Streams.- 4.2.2 Structurally Controlled Streams Related to Piping and Sapping.- 4.2.3 Brightness and Spectral Variations.- 4.2.4 Classification and Analysis of Lineaments and Linear Features.- 4.2.4.1 Lineament Analysis.- 4.2.4.2 Analysis of Linear Features.- 4.3 Reconstruction Techniques.- 4.3.1 Topographic Models of Obscured and Buried Folded Strata.- 4.3.2 Geomorphic Investigation of Domal Topography.- 4.3.3 Subsurface Reconstruction of Domal Topography.- 4.4 Summary.- References and Further Reading.- 5 Interpretation Techniques: Detection and Analysis of Basement Warp Structures.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Previous Studies.- 5.3 Principles of Integrating Reconnaissance Data Sets.- 5.4 Classification of Basement Structures.- 5.4.1 Exposed Basement Structures.- 5.4.1.1 First-Order Basement Structures.- 5.4.1.2 Second-Order Basement Structures.- 5.4.1.3 Third-Order Basement Structures.- 5.4.2 Basement Warp Structures (Buried and Obscured).- 5.4.2.1 First-Order Basement Warp Structures.- 5.4.2.2 Second-Order Basement Warp Structures.- 5.4.2.3 Third-Order Basement Warp Structures.- 5.5 Diagnostic Surface Features of Basement Warp Structures.- 5.5.1 Subsequent Incised Valleys.- 5.5.2 Transverse Incised Valleys.- 5.5.3 Cuesta Topography.- 5.6 Specialized Interpretation Tools.- 5.6.1 Structurally Controlled Incised Valleys in the Belle Fourche Arch Area, Powder River Basin.- 5.6.1.1 Introduction.- 5.6.1.2 Surface and Subsurface Expressions of the Belle Fourche Arch.- 5.6.1.3 Geological Model of the Belle Fourche Arch.- 5.6.1.4 Exploration Application.- 5.7 Summary.- References and Further Reading.- 6 Interpretation Techniques: Structural Mapping with Stereo Data.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Principles of Stereo.- 6.2.1 Concepts of Visual Depth Perception.- 6.2.2 Concepts of Simulated Depth Perception.- 6.2.3 Common Stereoscopic Distortions.- 6.2.3.1 Vertical Exaggeration.- 6.2.3.2 Pseudoscopic Illusions.- 6.3 Principles for Geological Mapping with Stereo Data.- 6.3.1 The Floating Dot Principle and Parallax Bars.- 6.3.2 Quantitative Measurements of Dips and Strikes.- 6.3.3 Creating a Form-Line Surface Structure (FSS) Map.- 6.4 Tools for Geological Mapping with Stereo Data.- 6.4.1 Stereo Pair Alignment.- 6.4.2 Simple Optical Stereoscopes.- 6.4.3 Complex and Analytical Stereoscopes.- 6.4.4 Digital Image Correlation.- 6.5 Evaluation of Different Stereo Data.- 6.5.1 SPOT vs. High-Altitude Photography in Low Relief Areas.- 6.5.2 SPOT vs. Field Data in Highly Deformed Areas.- 6.6 Exploration Applications.- 6.7 Selecting Stereo Data for Structural Mapping.- 6.8 Incorporating Stereo Capabilities.- 6.9 Summary.- References and Further Reading.- 7 Structural Analysis of Sedimentary Basins.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Approach.- 7.3 Analysis of Fractured Reservoir Trends in the Swiss Molasse Basin.- 7.3.1 Objectives.- 7.3.2 Approach.- 7.3.3 Geological Settings of the Molasse Basin.- 7.3.4 Exploration in the Swiss Molasse.- 7.3.5 Regional Analysis of Satellite Imagery.- 7.3.6 Analysis of the Basin’s Margins.- 7.4 Basin Interior.- 7.4.1 Subsurface Data.- 7.4.2 Swiss Molasse Play Concept.- 7.4.3 Prospective Leads from the Swiss Molasse.- 7.5 Detection of Buried Triassic Basins in the Coastal Plains of the Eastern United States.- 7.5.1 Objectives.- 7.5.2 Geological Setting of the Mesozoic Basins.- 7.5.3 Satellite Imagery Interpretation.- 7.5.4 Regional Gravity and Magnetic Data Interpretation.- 7.6 Detailed Analysis of Known Buried Basins.- 7.6.1 Geological/Geophysical Model of Buried Triassic Basins.- 7.6.2 Structural Lead Map.- 7.6.3 Conclusions and Recommendations.- 7.7 Summary.- References and Further Reading.- 8 Other Applications.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Principles of Direct Detection of Hydrocarbons.- 8.2.1 Prototype Example — The Velma Field, Oklahoma.- 8.2.1.1 Background Information.- 8.2.1.2 Surface Manifestations.- 8.2.1.3 Imagery.- 8.2.2 Other Related Studies.- 8.2.2.1 Conclusions.- 8.3 Outcrop Studies.- 8.4 Logistical and Environmental Applications.- 8.5 Summary.- References and Further Reading.- Closing Remarks.- 2 Additional Examples of Remote Sensing Interpretation and Integration.- 9 The Salt Flat Graben, West Texas.- 9.1 Background.- 9.2 Objectives.- 9.3 Training Instructions.- 9.3.1 Interpretation Procedures.- 9.3.2 Questions.- References and Further Reading.- 10 Death Valley Region, Nevada and California.- 10.1 Background.- 10.2 Objectives.- 10.3 Training Instructions.- 10.3.1 Interpretation Procedures.- 10.3.2 Questions.- References and Further Reading.- 11 The Fort St. John Graben, Western Canada.- 11.1 Background.- 11.2 Objectives.- 11.3 Training Instructions.- 11.3.1 Interpretation Procedures.- 11.3.2 Questions.- References and Further Reading.- 12 The Canadian Foreland Fold and Thrust Belt, Northern British Columbia.- 12.1 Background.- 12.2 Objectives.- 12.3 Training Instructions.- 12.3.1 Interpretation Procedures.- 12.3.2 Questions.- References and Further Reading.- 13 The Paris Basin, France.- 13.1 Background.- 13.2 Objectives.- 13.3 Training Instructions.- 13.3.1 Interpretation Procedures.- 13.3.2 Questions.- References and Further Reading.- 14 The East Texas Region.- 14.1 Background.- 14.2 Objectives.- 14.3 Training Instructions.- 14.3.1 Interpretation Procedures.- 14.3.2 Questions.- References and Further Reading.- Appendices.- A. List of Symbols Used in the Interpretation of Imagery Data.- B. Abbreviations Used on Image.- C. Drainage Patterns.- D. Major Sources of Images.- Location Index.

O autorze

For the first time remote sensing and oil prospection have been regarded as an integrated approach. The book is based on a concept worked out at Exxon Production Research Company/Houston and is likewise of interest to researchers from other oil companies as well as scientists and students at universities.