Table of Contents Preface Gateway to “the Fort”: From Colonial Fortified City to a World Heritage City World Heritage Recognition and Changing Historic Urban Landscapes Relevance and Motivation Aims, Objective and Methods Scope and Structure 1. History, Overview and the World Heritage Project 1.1 Historical Background of Galle Fort 1.2 Galle Fort: A General View 1.3 World Heritage Recognition of the Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications, 1988 1.4 The Progress of the World Heritage Project Over Three Decades 2. Theoretical Framework 2.1 The Concept of Cultural Landscape 2.2 The Notion of World Heritage 2.3 The Dynamic Historic City and Current Urban Heritage Management 2.4 Participatory Planning and the People-Centred Approaches in Managing Historic Cities 2.5 Postcolonialism, Decolonization and “Colonial Monuments” in Sri Lanka 3. Methodological Framework 3.1 Research Approach and Methods 3.2 Qualitative Data Analysis Methods 3.3 Quantitative Data Analysis Methods 4. Institutional and Legal Framework 4.1 International Level: Institutions and Laws 4.2 National Level: Institutions and Laws 4.3 Local Level: Institutions and Laws 4.4 Other Institutions 4.5 Institutional Policy Documents and the Decisions of the World Heritage Committee 5. Changes to the Physical Urban Landscape 5.1 The Townhouse as a Microcosm/Signifier of the Urban Landscape 5.2 Turning the Townhouse into an Object of Income Generation 5. 3 The Colonial Façade: Positive Preservation of Interior Elements 5.4 Behind the Façade: Horizontal and Vertical Expansion of Space 5.5 A “Touristscape” 5.6 State-Owned Monuments and the General Outline of the Fort 6. Socio-Economic Changes in the Urban Landscape 6.1 What Galle Fort Means to Various Stakeholders 6.2 Changes at Galle Fort: Perceptions of the Residents 6.3 Gentrification: Foreign Investments and Laws 6.4 Gentrification: Demography and Culture 6.5 Economy and Commercialization 6.6 Case Studies: Intangible Values of the Historic Urban Landscape 7. Laws in Practice and Perceptions of Justice Part I 7.1 Heritage Laws and Conflicting Interests 7.2. Special Regulations, 2009: A Burden for Ordinary Locals? 7.3 “Illegal” Building Activities: “Nocturnal Architecture” 7.4 Reducing “Illegal” Developments: Ideas of Heritage Officers 7.5 Is the Law Equal to All? The Negative Aspect 7.6 Is the Law Equal to All?: The Positive Aspects Part II 7.7 Political and Bureaucratic Will 8. Conclusion and Recommendations Acknowledgements Appendix: Inventory of Buildings in Galle Fort (2016) Bibliography List of Legislation Acts and Soft Laws Abbreviations and Acronyms List of Figures List of Tables