1. Overview of membrane technology 2. Recent progress in the development of nanocomposite membranes 3. Synthesis routes for the fabrication of nanocomposite membranes 4. Transport phenomena through nanocomposite membranes 5. Application of functional single-element and double-element oxide nanoparticles for the development of nanocomposite membranes 6. Development of advanced nanocomposite membranes by carbon-based nanomaterials (CNTs and GO) 7. Development of advanced nanocomposite membranes by molecular sieving nanomaterials (zeolite and MOF) 8. Development of nanocomposite membranes by electrospun nanofibrous materials 9. Development of nanocomposite membranes by biomimicking nanomaterials 10. Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment by pressure-driven membrane processes 11. Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment by osmotic-driven membrane processes 12. Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment by membrane distillation 13. Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment by electrodriven membrane processes 14. Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for natural gas treatment 15. Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for nitrogen and oxygen enrichment 16. Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for the recovery of hydrogen and production of syngas 17. Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for gas separation by membrane contactors 18. Prospects of nanocomposite membranes in commercial scale 19. Operational and environmental challenges of nanocomposite membranes