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The process of photon induced vacancy creation in atomic inner shell and decay of the vacancy by prompt x-ray emission is called x-ray fluorescence (XRF). XRF studies have vast applications in the fields of elemental analysis, nuclear, atomic and molecular Physics. The book deals with vacancy alignment in atomic inner shells. As both, the theoretical evaluations and the experimental findings of alignment, involve photoionization cross-sections at specific energies, this book therefore, provides a computer program "LSPICS" to generate L sub-shell photo-ionization cross-sections. A detailed...

Tillage is an energy intensive farm operation consuming about 40 per cent of the total energy input required for crop production. Tractor drawn cultivator is one of the most important tillage tools used by Indian farmer. It is primarily the type of tillage implement which is used for opening the land, preparing the seedbed for sowing of the seeds as well as after the crop has come up a few cms above the ground. Reversible shovel and sweep are primarily used for loosening and steering the soil. They are used on cultivators and are recommended for secondary tillage operation but most of the...

In the past few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine due to its natural origin, minor side effects, and are considered to be safe. Commercialization of the manufacture of herbal medicines to meet this increasing demand has resulted in decline their quality, primarily due to a lack of adequate regulations concerning to this sector of medicine. The need of the hour is to evolve a systematic approach and to develop well-designed methodologies for the standardization of herbal raw drugs and their formulations. The standardization of the herbal drugs is...

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are parasites of insects. EPNs are currently used as biopesticides for controlling several important insect pest worlds wide. EPNs are extraordinarily lethal to many important soil insect pests, yet are safe for plant and animals. This high degree of safety means that unlike chemicals or even Bacillus thuringiensis, nematode application do not require masks or other safety equipments. Biological control of insect pests using EPNs has gained importance in the recent year. Because they are highly virulent, killing their host within 24 to 48 hrs. They can be...