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From police headquarters at Fontanka 16 to the secret offices in major Russian post offices where specialists opened and read correspondence, the Okhranka blanketed the huge Russian empire with a network of secret agents and informers. In many cases they were involved in a desperate effort to track down terrorists before they could assassinate government officials and members of the imperial family. Charles Ruud and Sergei Stepanov have mined police archives, including Moscow's State Archive of the Russian Federation and the archives of the Hoover Institution, to produce this first...

The phenomenon of photorefraction was discovered in 1966 in studies of propagation of a fairly powerful laser beam through the electro-optic crys- tals LiNb0, LiTa0, and some other compounds. The laser beam illumi- 3 3 nating part of the sample was found to cause a local change in the refrac- tive index of the crystal, thereby leading to distortion of the beam's wave front. The light had deteriorated the initially high optical quality of the crystal, in other words, it had given rise to a nonuniform distribution of the refractive index in the illuminated region. The effect was first called...