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For more than 500 years, the Portuguese built or adapted fortifications along the coasts of Africa, Asia and South America. At a macro scale, mapping this network of power reveals a gigantic territorial and colonial project. Forts articulated the colonial and the metropolitan, and functioned as nodes in a mercantile empire, shaping early forms of capitalism, transforming the global political economy, and generating a flood of images and ideas on an unprecedented scale. Today, they can be understood as active material legacies of empire that represent promises, dangers and possibilities. Forts...

For more than 500 years, the Portuguese built or adapted fortifications along the coasts of Africa, Asia and South America. At a macro scale, mapping this network of power reveals a gigantic territorial and colonial project. Forts articulated the colonial and the metropolitan, and functioned as nodes in a mercantile empire, shaping early forms of capitalism, transforming the global political economy, and generating a flood of images and ideas on an unprecedented scale. Today, they can be understood as active material legacies of empire that represent promises, dangers and possibilities. Forts...

This Handbook resulted from valuable contributions of a diverse range of authors originating from three international organisations (African Development Bank Group, United Nations and World Bank Group), the Prime Minister's Office of the Government of Bangladesh, the Brazilian Development Bank and the Instituto Brasileiro de Administracao Municipal (IBAM), as well as academic institutions from 12 countries.
Several key aspects associated with the processes of designing, implementing, operating and evaluating PPPs are discussed in this Handbook, in connection to the creation of better...