Antibiotics in the Tropics: Antibacterial Therapy with Limited Resources

ISBN-13: 9783540186830 / Angielski / Miękka / 1988 / 328 str.

Sabine Enenkel; Wolfgang Stille

Opis

International textbooks on infectious diseases and antibacterial chemotherapy are usually written for readers in North America and Europe. In many ways, they are not appropriate for the prob lems encountered in developing countries. This book, in contrast, intends to define the rules of antibacterial chemotherapy practised under conditions of limited resources. It is meant for everyone con cerned with the use of antibiotics in developing countries, includ ing doctors, medical assistants, pharmacists, officials in health mio isteries, and medical students. Throughout the book, treatment recommendations are made for 1 antibiotics from the WHO list of essential drugs. For example, em phasis has therefore been put upon chloramphenicol as a stable, unexpensive and widely available oral agent suitable for the treat ment of severe bacterial infections like septicemia and meningitis. So-called "international chemotherapy" with modem cephalospor ins and acylaminopenicillins has been outlined for comparison. Since it is the aim of the book to base treatment recommenda tions on data from developing countries, many data on the etiology of common bacterial infections in developing countries have also been included. Most of the data are from African, English-speak ing developing countries, but references have been made to the lit erature on South East Asia, India or Papua New Guinea, where appropriate. On the other hand, pertinent data were not available in every instance, so that several statements and recommendations had to be made as "best guess." The authors are aware of these imperfections and will welcome comments from the readers."

Spis treści

I. Principles of Antibiotic Therapy.- 1 The Range of Antibiotics Available.- General Principles of Antibiotic Therapy — The WHO List of Essential Drugs.- The Main Antibiotics of the WHO List.- Classical Penicillins.- Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) and Its Oral Form Phenoxymethylpenicillin.- Repository Penicillins.- Ampicillin.- Penicillinase-Stable Penicillins.- Tetracyclines.- Chloramphenicol.- Co-Trimoxazole and Sulfonamides.- Co-Trimoxazole.- Sulfonamides.- Aminoglycosides.- Gentamicin.- Erythromycin.- Metronidazole.- Nitrofurantoin.- Rifampicin.- Further Antibiotics and Therapeutic Groups (Not on WHO List).- Quinolones.- Old Quinolones.- Modern Quinolones.- Acylaminopenicillins.- Cephalosporins.- Other Antibiotics.- Vancomycin.- Clindamycin.- Imipenem.- Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid (Augmentin).- 2 Choice of Antibiotics.- 3 Bacterial Resistance in Developing Countries.- 4 Administration of Antibiotics.- Topical Administration.- 5 Dosage of Antibiotics.- Recommended Doses.- Duration of Treatment.- Tolerance.- Dosage in Neonates, Infants, and Children.- Pediatric Dosage.- Premature and Full-Term Neonates and Infants During First Month of Life.- 6 Side Effects and Contraindications.- Toxic Side Effects.- Allergic Side Effects.- Biological Side Effects.- 7 Combinations of Antibiotics.- 8 Costs of Antibiotics.- II. Treatment of Infections and Infectious Diseases.- 9 Septicemia.- 10 Infective Endocarditis.- Streptococcal Endocarditis.- Endocarditis Due to Pneumococci or Group A Streptococci.- Enterococcal Endocarditis.- Staphylococcal Endocarditis.- Staphylococcus Aureus.- Staphylococcus Epidermidis.- Endocarditis Due to Gram-Negative Bacteria.- Culture-Negative Endocarditis.- Prevention of Endocarditis.- 11 Purulent Pericarditis.- 12 Infections of the Central Nervous System.- Bacterial Meningitis.- Brain Abscess.- Subdural Empyema.- 13 Infections of the Respiratory Tract.- Acute Respiratory Infections in Childhood.- Common Cold.- Tonsillitis, Pharyngitis.- Rheumatic Fever.- Peritonsillar Abscess, Retropharyngeal Abscess,and Ludwig’s Angina.- Croup.- Acute Bronchitis.- Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis.- Bronchiolitis.- Pneumonia.- Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia.- Treatment of Special Types of Pneumonia.- Staphylococcal Pneumonia.- Measles Pneumonia.- Klebsiella Pneumonia.- Aspiration Pneumonia.- Acute Abscess-Forming Pneumonia.- Interstitial Pneumonias.- Legionnaires’ Disease.- Secondary, Hospital-Acquired Pneumonias.- Postoperative Pneumonia.- Postinfluenza Pneumonia.- Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents in Different Types of Pneumonia.- Empyema.- Chronic Lung Abscess.- Bronchiectasis.- Whooping Cough.- Diphtheria.- 14 Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract.- Diarrheal Diseases.- Appendicitis.- Peritonitis.- Pyogenic Liver Abscess.- Biliary Tract Infections.- 15 Infections of the Musculoskeletal System.- Osteomyelitis.- Septic Arthritis.- Pyomyositis.- 16 Skin and Wound Infections.- Common Bacterial Infections.- Prophylaxis of Wound Infections.- Indications of Prophylaxis.- Modern Rules of Prophylaxis.- Tetanus.- Gas Gangrene.- 17 Sexually Transmitted Diseases.- Gonorrhea.- Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases.- 18 Obstetric and Gynecological Infections.- Bartholinitis.- Vulvovaginitis in Children.- Vaginitis, Vulvitis in Adults.- Types of Vaginal Disease.- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.- Other Obstetric and Gynecological Infections.- Septic Abortion.- Puerperal Sepsis.- Mastitis.- Pyrexia During Labor.- 19 Genitourinary Infections.- Urinary Tract Infections.- Urethritis.- Prostatitis, Epididymitis.- Acute Epididymitis.- 20 Infections of the Ear, Nose, and Throat.- External Otitis.- Malignant External Otitis.- Otitis Media.- Acute Otitis Media.- Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media.- Mastoiditis.- Sinusitis.- Stomatitis.- Viral Stomatitis.- Candida Stomatitis.- Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis.- Noma (Cancrum Oris).- Osteomyelitis of the Jaw.- Cervical Lymphadenitis.- 21 Eye Infections.- Ulcerating Blepharitis.- Hordeolum.- Abscess and Cellulitis of Lid.- Orbital Cellulitis.- Acute Dacryocystitis.- Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis.- Ophthalmia Neonatorum.- Trachoma.- Keratitis.- Bacterial Keratitis.- Herpetic Keratitis.- Fungal Keratitis.- Phlyctenular Keratitis.- Measles Keratitis.- Bacterial Endophthalmitis.- 22 Salmonella Infections.- Typhoid Fever.- Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections.- 23 Rickettsial Diseases.- 24 Leptospirosis.- 25 Brucellosis.- 26 Relapsing Fever.- 27 Anthrax.- 28 Plague.- 29 Listeria Infections.- 30 Melioidosis.- 31 Nonvenereal Treponematoses.- 32 Mycobacterial Infections.- Tuberculosis.- Leprosy.- Buruli Ulcer.- 33 Actinomycosis.- 34 Nocardiosis.- 35 Rare Bacterial Diseases: Bartonellosis, Erysipeloid, and Ratbite Fever.- 36 Fungal Infections.- Dermatophyte Infections.- Tinea Capitis.- Fungal Infections of the Nails.- Tinea Versicolor.- Candida Infections.- Genital Candidiasis.- Oral Candidiasis.- Candida Esophagitis.- Candida Enteritis.- Candida Pneumonia.- Candida Infections of the Urinary Tract.- Candida Septicemia.- Candida Infections of the Skin.- Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis.- Cryptococcal Infection.- Infections by Molds.- Aspergillus Infections.- Mycetoma.- Chromomycosis.- Rhinosporidiosis.- Sporotrichosis.- Subcutaneous Phycomycosis.- Rhinoentomophthoromycosis.- Histoplasmosis.- Blastomycosis.- Paracoccidioidomycosis.- Coccidioimycosis.- Systemic Treatment of Fungal Infections.- 37 Treatment of AIDS.