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The present global monetary regime is based on floating among the major advanced countries. A key underlying factor behind the present regime is credibility to maintain stable monetary policies. The origin of credibility in monetary regimes goes back to the pre-1914 classical gold standard. In that regime, adherence by central banks to the rule of convertibility of national currencies in terms of a fixed weight of gold provided a nominal anchor to the price level. Between 1914 and the present several monetary regimes gradually moved away from gold, with varying success in maintaining price...

• How successful is PPP, and its extension in the monetary model, as a measure of the equilibrium exchange rate?
• What are the determinants and dynamics of equilibrium real exchange rates?
• How can misalignments be measured, and what are their causes?
• What are the effects of specific policies upon the equilibrium exchange rate?

The answers to these questions are important to academic theorists, policymakers, international bankers and investment fund managers. This volume encompasses all of the competing views of equilibrium exchange rate...

• How successful is PPP, and its extension in the monetary model, as a measure of the equilibrium exchange rate?
• What are the determinants and dynamics of equilibrium real exchange rates?
• How can misalignments be measured, and what are their causes?
• What are the effects of specific policies upon the equilibrium exchange rate?

The answers to these questions are important to academic theorists, policymakers, international bankers and investment fund managers. This volume encompasses all of the competing views of equilibrium exchange rate...

Forty years ago the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms came into force. It was born of the shared conviction that breaches of the most elementary human rights, such as had been experienced in the 1930s and '40s, should never be allowed to occur again. The Convention and the control bodies responsible for ensuring the observance of the engagements undertaken by the contracting States have had a profound influence on democratic European society in the latter half of this century, and have had repercussions outside Europe too; indeed the European...