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While general systems research has had a considerable impact on research in the social sciences, this impact has been mainly conceptual and has not served to provide the operational and methodological aids for research which are possible. In addition, many of those systems-oriented directions and results which do impact social science research have developed inde pendently and in piecemeal fashion in recent decades. The main develop ment of this book is a cohesive framework within which to integrate results of general systems research and which provides a means for the organiza tion of data...

Books and other texts have not always been read in the way that we read them today. The modern practice of reading - privately, silently, with the eyes alone - is only one way of reading which, for many centuries, existed alongside other forms of reading. In the ancient world, in the Middle Ages and as late as the 17th century, many texts were written for the voice. They were addressed to the ear as much as the eye, and they used forms that were oriented towards the demands of oral performance. This is one of the central themes explored in this account of the changing practices of reading...