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Since the 1960s, Martin Luther King, Jr., has personified black leadership with his use of direct action protests against white authority. A century ago, in the era of Jim Crow, Booker T. Washington pursued a different strategy to lift his people. In this compelling biography, Norrell reveals how conditions in the segregated South led Washington to call for a less contentious path to freedom and equality. He urged black people to acquire economic independence and to develop the moral character that would ultimately gain them full citizenship. Although widely accepted as the most realistic...

On June 11, 1963, The University of Alabama provided the backdrop for what would become a lasting symbol in U.S. civil right history. With his stand in the schoolhouse door staged at Foster Auditorium on the University s campus, Governor George C. Wallace attempted to defy a federal mandate by blocking the admission of two black students to the University. The nature of racial prejudice and discrimination its causes, its history, and is impact on society was the focus of a 1988 national symposium hosted by The University of Alabama to mark the 25th anniversary of the stand in the...