The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior

ISBN-13: 9781475700848 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 464 str.

Randall L. Susman; Randall L. Susman

Opis

Historical Remarks Bearing on the Discovery of Pan paniscus Whether by accident or by design, it was most fortunate that Robert M. Yerkes, the dean of American primatologists, should have been the first scientist to describe the characteristics of a pygmy chimpanzee, which he acquired in August 1923, when he purchased him and a young female companion from a dealer in New York. The chimpanzees came from somewhere in the eastern region of the Belgian Congo and Yerkes esti mated the male's age at about 4 years. He called this young male Prince Chim (and named his female, com mon chimpanzee counterpart Panzee) (Fig. I). In his popular book, Almost Human, Yerkes (1925) states that in all his experiences as a student of animal behavior, "I have never met an animal the equal of this young chimp . . . in approach to physical perfection, alertness, adaptability, and agreeableness of disposition" (Yerkes, 1925, p. 244). Moreover, It would not be easy to find two infants more markedly different in bodily traits, temperament, intelligence, vocalization and their varied expressions in action, than Chim and Panzee. Here are just a few points of contrast. His eyes were black and in his dark face lacked contrast and seemed beady, cold, expressionless. Hers were brown, soft, and full of emotional value, chiefly because of their color and the contrast with her light complexion."

Spis treści

I. Molecular Biology, Systematics, and Morphology.- 1 The Tervuren Museum and the Pygmy Chimpanzee.- References.- 2 Blood Groups of Pygmy and Common Chimpanzees: A Comparative Study.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology of Blood Grouping and General Classification of Blood Groups of Primates.- 3. The A-B-O Blood Group System.- 3.1. Subgroups of A.- 3.2. The H Specificity.- 3.3. Secretion of A-B-H Substances.- 3.4. Serum Isoagglutinins.- 4. The M-N Blood Group System.- 5. The V-A-B-D Blood Group System.- 6. The Rh-Hr Blood Group System.- 7. The R-C-E-F Blood Group System.- 8. Other Blood Group Systems.- 9. Genealogical Studies.- 10. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 3 Pygmy Chimpanzee Systematics: A Molecular Perspective.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Results.- 2.1. Further Electrophoretic Studies.- 2.2. Immunology.- 2.3. Restriction Endonuclease Comparisons of Mitochondrial DNA.- 3. Phylogenetic Implications of the Molecular Data.- 4. Origin and Adaptive Radiation of the African Apes (Including Hominids).- 4.1. Developing an Understanding of Organismal Evolution.- 4.2. The Role of the Pygmy Chimpanzee in Telling Us about Hominid Origins.- References.- 4 A Measure of Basicranial Flexion in Pan paniscus, the Pygmy Chimpanzee.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods and Materials.- 2.1. Craniometric Measurements and Statistical Methods.- 2.2. Pan paniscus Specimens.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 5 The Dentition of the Pygmy Chimpanzee, Pan paniscus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Upper Molar Morphology.- 3.2. Lower Molar Morphology.- 3.3. Metrical Data.- 3.4. Roots of Teeth.- 3.5. Sequence of Eruption.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Distribution of Advanced and Primitive Traits.- 4.2. Functional Differences between Chimpanzee Species.- References.- 6 An Allometric Perspective on the Morphological and Evolutionary Relationships between Pygmy (Pan paniscus) and Common (Pan troglodytes) Chimpanzees.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Types and Meanings of Allometry.- 3. Allometry and Heterochrony.- 4. Proportion and Size Differences between Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes.- 5. Postcranial Allometry.- 6. Cranial Allometry.- 7. Dental Allometry.- 8. Heterochrony and Morphology.- 9. Interspecific Dissociations.- 10. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Body Size and Skeletal Allometry in African Apes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 2.1. Sources of Body Weights.- 2.2. Skeletal Sample.- 2.3. Analytical Methods.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 3.1. Body Size of African Apes.- 3.2. Interspecific Allometry.- 3.3. Intraspecific Allometry.- References.- 8 Body Build and Tissue Composition in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes, with Comparisons to Other Hominoids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes: A Comparison of Body Builds.- 3. Methods.- 4. Results.- 5. Body Build and Locomotor Pattern: Case Studies.- 5.1. Symphalangus.- 5.2. Pongo.- 5.3. Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus.- 5.4. Homo sapiens.- 6. Pan paniscus: Its Place among the Hominoids.- References.- 9 The Common Ancestor: A Study of the Postcranium of Pan paniscus, Australopithecus, and Other Hominoids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Shoulder.- 3.2. Distal Humerus.- 3.3. Ulna.- 3.4. Capitate.- 3.5. Pelvis.- 3.6. Proximal Femur.- 3.7. Distal Femur.- 3.8. Foot.- 3.9. Proportions.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- II. Behavior of Pan paniscus.- 10 Feeding Ecology of the Pygmy Chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Subjects and Methods.- 1.2. Study Area.- 2. Results.- 2.1. Food Repertoire.- 2.2. Dietary Proportions.- 2.3. Annual and Seasonal Variations in Diet.- 2.4. Food Preferences.- 2.5. Food Diversity.- 2.6. Food Provisioning.- 2.7. Feeding Techniques.- 2.8. Habitat Utilization.- 2.9. Routine Activities.- 2.10. Daily Range and Party Size.- 2.11. Competition.- 3. Discussion.- 4. Summary.- References.- 11 Feeding Ecology of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Study Area.- 3. Study Population.- 4. Methods.- 5. Plant Foods.- 6. Seasonal Patterns.- 7. Feeding Patterns and Group Size.- 8. Animal Foods.- 9. Discussion.- References.- 12 Interaction over Food among Pygmy Chimpanzees.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Subjects and Methods.- 2.1. Subjects and Data Collection.- 2.2. Terminology.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Interaction over Naturally Occurring Food.- 3.2. Interaction over Artificially Provided Food.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Food Sharing Behavior in Pygmy and Common Chimpanzees.- 4.2. Food Division.- 4.3. Begging and Sharing.- 4.4. Cofeeding.- 4.5. Hypothesis of Preadaptation to Systematic Food Sharing.- References.- 13 Social Organization of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Population Density and Group Size.- 3.2. Group Composition.- 3.3. Agonistic Behavior.- 3.4. Grooming Interactions.- 3.5. Food Sharing.- 3.6. Sociosexual Behavior.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 14 Sexual Behavior of Pan paniscus under Natural Conditions in the Lomako Forest, Equateur, Zaire.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Male-Female Sexual Behavior.- 3.2. Female-Female Genital Contact.- 3.3. Male-Male Genital Contact.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Menstrual Cycles and Sexual Swellings.- 4.2. Distribution of Copulations across Swelling Phases.- 4.3. Lactational Amenorrhea.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 15 The Locomotor Behavior of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Terrestrial Locomotion.- 3.2. Arboreal Locomotion.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Comparison of Pygmy Chimpanzees in the Lomako and at Other Sites.- 6. Comparisons of the Locomotion of Pygmy and Common Chimpanzees.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 16 Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes: Contrasts in Preverbal Communicative Competence.- 1. Introduction.- 2. History of Subjects.- 3. Research Environment.- 4. Development of Nonverbal Communicative Competence in Kanzi.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 17 Will the Pygmy Chimpanzee Be Threatened with Extinction as Are the Elephant and the White Rhinoceros in Zaire?.- References.- Author Index.