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This book reviews the potential mechanisms in arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs), in the hope that this can help arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to be more used efficiently as a biostimulant to enhance stress tolerance in the host plants.

Microorganisms include bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, molds, and viruses, among which bacteria are the most prevalent in nature, accounting for 90%-95% of microorganisms. Some microorganisms are visible to the naked eye, such as mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum, etc. Other microorganisms are "acellular organisms" composed of a few components, such as nucleic acids and proteins. Microorganisms are tiny and closely related to humans, comprised of a variety of beneficial and harmful species. The new coronavirus (2019-nCOV) that broke out in 2019 is a large virus family that is highly infectious....

Plant growth regulators consist of organic molecules produced synthetically and used to modulate plant growth. There are several classes of plant growth regulators, including auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, cytokinins, salicylic, jasmonic acid and ethylene, as well as more recently investigated brassinosteroids, strigolactones, polyamine, etc. These plant growth regulators have either promoting or inhibitory effects on plant growth and development by means of modification in plant secondary metabolism and gene regulation. Some of plant growth regulators may have safe issues in fields. More...

Endophytes are a group of microorganisms that do not cause obvious disease symptoms to the host plants and include endophytic bacteria, endophytic fungi and endophytic actinomycetes. Among them, endophytic fungi belong to ascomycetes and are widely distributed in mosses, ferns, shrubs, algae, herbs, angiosperms and gymnosperms. Endophytic fungi establish a good mutualistic relationship with their hosts, which is reflected in accelerating plant growth, promoting nutrient uptake, and enhancing resistance to stress. On the other hand, many endophytic fungi produce some secondary metabolites such...