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5 TABLE I Average Reading Proficiency and Achievement Levels by RacelEthnicity Grades 4 8 and 12 1992 Reading Assessment Percentage of Student At or Above Percentage of Average Proficient Basic Below Basic Advanced I Students Proficiency I Grade 4 White 71 226 6 31 68 J2 69 16 193 0 Black 7 31 Hispanic 9 202 2 13 41 59 Asian/Pacific Islander 2 216 2 21 55 45 American Indian 2 208 2 15 50 50 Grade 8 70 White 268 3 34 77 23 Black 16 238 0 8 44 56 Hispanic 10 242 I 13 49 51 AsianlPacific Islander 3 270 6 38 77 23 American Indian 1 251 I 18 60 40 Grade 12 White 72 297 4 43 82 18 Black 15 272 0 16...

The reader of this book will gain a greater understanding of contemporary equity issues in educational testing and assessment and to learn to examine these issues in the context of educational reform. The book focuses on the following four issues: (1) the growing prominence that educational testing and assessment are playing in American education; (2) the effect that current testing and assessment policies and practices are having upon minority and disadvantaged students and school systems; (3) the new and innovative approaches to testing and assessment and their prospects for promoting...

When Socinianism was at the height of its power, Andrew Fuller challenged it in its self-professed point of greatest strength --the virtue encouraged by its principles of theistic rationality. Do the extended implications of its principles compare favorably with Calvinism in the development of virtue? Using their own writings and the admissions they make concerning piety and virtue among Socinians, Fuller compared both systems in their tendency to convert profligates to a life of holiness, to convert professed unbelievers, their development of a standard of morality, to encourage love to...