Optics Inspections and Tests: A Guide for Optics Inspectors and Designers

ISBN-13: 9781510601796 / Angielski / Twarda / 2017 / 520 str.

Michael Hausner

Spis treści

• I Theory and Materials
• Introduction
• 1.1 Prologue
• 1.2 Defining Quality
• 1.3 Relating Quality with Optics Inspections and Testing
• 1.4 The Purpose of This Book
• 2 Optics
• 2.1 History and Development
• 2.2 The Nature of Light
• 2.3 Geometrical Optics
• 2.3.1 Scattering
• 2.3.2 Critical angle and total internal reflection
• 2.4 Physical Optics
• 2.5 Optical Aberrations
• 2.5.1 Chromatic aberrations
• 2.5.2 Monochromatic aberrations
• 2.5.3 Correcting (reducing) optical aberrations
• 2.5.4 Surface and material aberrations
• 2.5.5 Optical system aberrations
• 2.6 Interference
• 2.7 Optical System Design
• 2.8 Types of Optical Components
• References
• 3 Raw Materials for Producing Optical Elements
• 3.1 What Is an Optical Material?
• 3.2 Materials for Optical Elements
• 3.2.1 Glass
• 3.2.1.1 Optical glass
• 3.2.1.2 Color optical filter
• 3.2.1.3 Special glasses for molding
• 3.2.2 Crystal
• 3.2.3 Plastic
• 3.2.4 Metals (for mirrors only)
• 3.2.5 Special materials
• 3.3 Classification of Optical Materials
• 3.3.1 According to molecular structure
• 3.3.2 According to atomic orientation
• 3.3.3 According to the working spectral range
• 3.3.4 According to colors
• 3.3.5 According to the refraction index (for glasses)
• 3.4 Main Characteristics of Optical Materials
• 3.4.1 Optical properties
• 3.4.2 Internal (bulk) quality
• 3.4.3 Chemical properties
• 3.4.4 Mechanical properties
• 3.4.5 Electrical properties
• References
• 4 Manufacturing Processes of Optical Materials
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Glass Manufacturing Process
• 4.3 Crystal
• 4.3.1 Sapphire manufacturing methods
• 4.3.2 Gradient solidification method
• 4.3.3 Czochralski method
• 4.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition
• 4.4.1 Types of CVD processes
• 4.4.2 Basic steps of the CVD process
• 4.4.3 CVD system
• 4.4.4 Hot isostatic press
• 4.5 Plastic
• 4.5.1 CR-39
• 4.5.2 Related concepts
• 4.6 Aluminum
• 4.6.1 Related concepts
• References
• 5 Methods for Producing Optical Components
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Conventional Method: Spindle Grinding and Polishing
• 5.3 Diamond Turning
• 5.4 Precision Glass Molding and Precision Molded Optics
• 5.5 Additional Methods for Improving Optical Elements
• 5.5.1 Magneto rheological finishing
• 5.5.2 Hybrid molding
• 5.5.3 Computer-numerical-control grinding and polishing method
• 5.5.4 Freeform polishing method
• 5.5.5 Ion beam figuring
• 5.6 Additional Shaping Methods and Those that Produce Specular Surfaces
• References
• 6 Optical Coatings
• 6.1 Classification of Optical Coatings
• 6.2 Materials
• 6.3 AR Coating
• 6.4 Reflective Coatings
• 6.5 Optical-Coating-Deposition Technologies
• 6.5.1 Evaporation (deposition) methods
• 6.5.2 Sputter deposition methods
• 6.5.3 Advanced plasma reactive sputtering (APRS)
• 6.6 Requirements
• 6.7 Typical Spectral Curves
• References
• 7 Optical Adhesives
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Production Bond Failures
• 7.3 Incoming Failure Identification
• References
• 8 Optics Standards and General Technical Specifications
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 The Importance and Utility of Standards and Specifications
• 8.3 Defining a Standard
• 8.4 Defining a Specification
• 8.5 MIL-HDBK, MIL-STD, and Milspecs
• 8.6 International Organization for Standardization
• 8.7 ANSI, ASTM, and ASME
• 8.8 Deutsches Institut für Normung
• 8.9 General Standards for Technical Drawings
• 9 Metrology: Measurement Theory
• 9.1 Definition
• 9.2 Scientific or Fundamental Metrology
• 9.3 Applied, Technical, and Industrial Metrology
• 9.4 Legal Metrology
• 9.5 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
• 9.6 Rules of Thumb for Measurement Tools
• References
• II Methods and Tools
• 10 Testing and Examining Optical Components
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Overview of Production Requirement Documents
• 10.3 A Review of Quality Production and Inspection Records
• 10.3.1 Process report
• 10.3.2 Inspection report
• 10.3.3 Raw material certificates (or certificate and meld data)
• 10.3.4 Routing card
• 10.3.5 COC, COT, and COA
• 11 Inspection and Testing of Raw Materials
• 11.1 Index of Refraction
• 11.2 Homogeneity
• 11.2.1 Designation of required homogeneity in production files
• 11.2.2 Homogeneity designation according to ISO 10110-4
• 11.3 Bubbles and Inclusions
• 11.4 Striae
• 11.4.1 Designation of required striae in production files
• 11.5 Strain (Stress)
• 11.5.1 Designation of required stress birefringence in production files
• 11.6 Transmission/transmittance
• 11.7 Resistivity of Silicon or Germanium
• References
• 12 Inspection and Testing of Components
• 12.1 Radius of a Spherical Surface
• 12.2 Sag (Sagitta)
• 12.3 Centration
• 12.4 Dial Gauges and Indicators
• 12.5 Roundness (Circularity)
• 12.6 Central Thickness of a Lens
• 12.7 Thickness and Parallelism of Windows
• 12.8 Length between Ground Surfaces
• 12.9 Concentricity
• 12.10 Perpendicularity
• 12.11 Chamfer
• 12.12 Inside Edges
• 12.13 Surface Texture
• 12.14 Angularity
• 13 Inspection and Testing of Surface Shape and Figure
• 13.1 Test Plate
• 13.2 Analyzing the Interference Pattern Revealed by the Test Plate
• 13.3 Example Surface Patterns of Flat and Spherical Surfaces
• 13.4 Principles of Manual Analysis of Interferograms
• 13.5 Analyzing the Interference of Simple Patterns
• 13.6 Analyzing the Interference of Various Patterns
• 13.7 Important Considerations when Analyzing Interference
• 13.8 Interferometric Measurements for Flat and Spherical Surfaces
• 13.9 Testing Cylindrical Surfaces
• References
• 14 Coatings
• 14.1 Optical Properties
• 14.2 Environmental Durability
• 14.3 Visual Inspections
• 14.4 Witness Samples
• 14.5 Durability of Coatings with Primers and Silicon Removers
• References
• 15 Special Properties of Aspheric Surfaces, Diffractive Surfaces, and Sapphire
• 15.1 Aspheric Surfaces
• 15.1.1 Profile plots
• 15.1.2 Contact profilometer method by OptiPro
• 15.1.3 Noncontact 3D method
• 15.1.4 Roughness
• 15.1.5 Slope error
• 15.2 Diffractive Surfaces
• 15.2.1 Measuring and testing diffractive surfaces
• 15.3 Sapphire
• References
• III Inspection and Quality Assurance
• 16 Acceptance Sampling (Standards and Methods)
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Terms and Definitions
• 16.3 How to Determine if 100% Inspection is Necessary
• 16.4 Sampling Plan Procedure
• 16.5 Types of Decisions
• 16.6 Main Statistical Inspection Sample Table References
• 16.7 Summary
• References
• 17 Location and Process of the Inspection/Test
• 17.1 Location
• 17.2 Basic Needs
• 17.3 Process
• 18 Visual Inspection
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Definitions
• 18.2.1 Visual inspection
• 18.2.2 Beauty defects
• 18.2.3 Cosmetic defects
• 18.3 Requirements for Good Visual Inspections
• 18.4 Kinds of Defects
• 18.5 Visual Inspection Methods
• 18.6 Main Defects in Optical Elements
• 18.7 Illustrations of Visible Defects in Optical Elements
• 18.8 Measuring and Calculating Visual Defects
• 18.8.1 Scratches and digs
• 18.8.2 Defects according to military specifications
• 18.8.3 Defects according to ISO standards
• 18.8.4 Edge chips according to military specifications
• 18.8.5 Glass defects, bubbles, and inclusions according to military specifications and standards
• 18.8.6 Stains
• 18.8.7 Cement defects
• 18.8.8 Drawing C7641866: surface quality standards for optical elements
• 18.8.9 Common sense and consideration
• References
• 19 Handling Optical Components
• 19.1 Introduction
• 19.2 Cleaning and Handling
• 19.2.1 Cleaning solvents (solutions)
• 19.2.2 Supplemental materials and accessories
• 19.2.3 Cleaning and handling procedure
• 19.2.4 Cleaning and handling assembled optical elements
• 19.2.5 Cleaning and handling procedure for outer optical elements during maintenance
• 19.3 Guidelines for Cleaning or Handling Optical Elements
• 19.4 Packaging, Storage, and Shipping
• 19.4.1 Packaging
• 19.4.2 Storage
• 19.4.3 Shipping
• 19.5 Health and Safety Aspects
• 19.6 Environmental and Additional Health and Safety Aspects
• 19.7 First Contact Cleaning Technology
• References
• 20 Testing of Optical Systems
• 20.1 Introduction
• 20.2 Main Optical System Parameters
• 20.2.1 Resolving power (or resolution)
• 20.2.2 Modulation transfer function
• 20.2.3 Boresight
• 20.2.4 Noise equivalent temperature difference
• 20.2.5 Minimum resolvable temperature difference
• 20.2.6 Minimum resolvable contrast
• 20.2.7 Blur circle (blur spot)
• 20.3 Additional Required Tests of Optical Systems
• References
• 21 Handling Nonconforming Optical Elements
• 21.1 Introduction
• 21.2 Procedure
• 21.3 MRB Decisions
• 21.4 Other Considerations
• 22 Quality Assurance
• 22.1 Introduction
• 22.2 Terms and Definitions
• 22.3 Quality Management Theories
• 22.3.1 Deming's theory
• 22.3.2 Crosby's theory
• 22.3.3 Juran's theory
• 22.3.4 Ishikawa's theory
• 22.3.5 Feigenbaum's theory
• 22.3.6 Shewhart's theory
• 22.3.7 Garvin's theory
• 22.4 Product Manufacturing Steps
• 22.5 Quality Management Standards
• 22.6 Quality Audits
• 22.7 Lean Manufacturing
• 22.7.1 The seven wastes
• 22.8 Quality Costs
• 22.9 Controlling Manufacturing Processes
• 22.10 Communication with Suppliers and Customers
• 22.11 Manufacturer Qualifying Process
• 22.12 First Article Inspection
• 22.13 Professionalism and Organizational Conduct
• References
• 23 Summary