Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection

ISBN-13: 9783527413522 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 608 str.

Martin Marietta Ene James E. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory

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ABOUT ATOMIC PHYSICS AND RADIATIONClassical PhysicsDiscovery of X-RaysSome Important Dates in Atomic and Radiation PhysicsImportant Dates in Radiation ProtectionSources and Levels of Radiation ExposureSuggested ReadingATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC RADIATIONThe Atomic Nature of Matter (ca. 1900)The Rutherford Nuclear AtomBohr's Theory of the Hydrogen AtomSemiclassical Mechanics, 1913-1925Quantum MechanicsThe Pauli Exclusion PrincipleAtomic Theory of the Periodic SystemMoleculesSolids and Energy BandsContinuous and Characteristic X RaysAuger ElectronsSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersTHE NUCLEUS AND NUCLEAR RADIATIONNuclear StructureNuclear Binding EnergiesAlpha DecayBeta Decay (beta-)Gamma-Ray EmissionInternal ConversionOrbital Electron CapturePositron Decay (beta+)Suggested ReadingProblemsAnswersRADIOACTIVE DECAYActivityExponential DecaySpecific ActivitySerial Radioactive DecayNatural RadioactivityRadon and Radon DaughtersSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersINTERACTION OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES WITH MATTEREnergy-Loss MechanismsMaximum Energy Transfer in a Single CollisionSingle-Collision Energy-Loss SpectraStopping PowerSemiclassical Calculation of Stopping PowerThe Bethe Formula for Stopping PowerMean Excitation EnergiesTable for Computation of Stopping PowersStopping Power of Water for ProtonsRangeSlowing-Down TimeLimitations of Bethe's Stopping-Power FormulaSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersINTERACTION OF ELECTRONS WITH MATTEREnergy-Loss MechanismsCollisional Stopping PowerRadiative Stopping PowerRadiation YieldRangeSlowing-Down TimeExamples of Electron Tracks in WaterSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersPHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH CHARGED-PARTICLE TRACKSDelta RaysRestricted Stopping PowerLinear Energy Transfer (LET)Specific IonizationEnergy StragglingRange StragglingMultiple Coulomb ScatteringSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersINTERACTION OF PHOTONS WITH MATTERInteraction MechanismsPhotoelectric EffectEnergy-Momentum Requirements for Photon Absorption by an ElectronCompton EffectPair ProductionPhotonuclear ReactionsAttenuation CoefficientsEnergy-Transfer and Energy-Absorption CoefficientsCalculation of Energy Absorption and Energy TransferSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersNEUTRONS, FISSION, AND CRITICALITYIntroductionNeutron SourcesClassification of NeutronsInteractions with MatterElastic ScatteringNeutron-Proton Scattering Energy-Loss SpectrumReactionsEnergetics of Threshold ReactionsNeutron ActivationFissionCriticalitySuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersMETHODS OF RADIATION DETECTIONIonization in GasesIonization in SemiconductorsScintillationPhotographic FilmThermoluminescenceOther MethodsNeutron DetectionSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersSTATISTICSThe Statistical World of Atoms and RadiationRadioactive Disintegration-Exponential DecayRadioactive Disintegration-a Bernoulli ProcessThe Binomial DistributionThe Poisson DistributionThe Normal DistributionError and Error PropagationCounting Radioactive SamplesMinimum Significant Measured Activity-Type-I ErrorsMinimum Detectable True Activity-Type-II ErrorsCriteria for Radiobioassay, HPS Nl3.30-1996Instrument ResponseMonte Carlo Simulation of Radiation TransportSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersRADIATION DOSIMETRYIntroductionQuantities and UnitsMeasurement of ExposureMeasurement of Absorbed DoseMeasurement of X- and Gamma-Ray DoseNeutron DosimetryDose Measurements for Charged-Particle BeamsDetermination of LETDose CalculationsOther Dosimetric Concepts and QuantitiesSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATIONTime Frame for Radiation EffectsPhysical and Prechemical Chances in Irradiated WaterChemical StageExamples of Calculated Charged-Particle Tracks in WaterChemical Yields in WaterBiological EffectsSources of Human DataThe Acute Radiation SyndromeDelayed Somatic EffectsIrradiation of Mammalian Embryo and FetusGenetic EffectsRadiation BiologyDose-Response RelationshipsFactors Affecting Dose ResponseSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersRADIATION-PROTECTION CRITERIA AND EXPOSURE LIMITSObjective of Radiation ProtectionElements of Radiation-Protection ProgramsThe NCRP and ICRPNCRP/ICRP Dosimetric QuantitiesRisk Estimates for Radiation ProtectionCurrent Exposure Limits of the NCRP and ICRPOccupational Limits in the Dose-Equivalent SystemThe "2015 ICRP Recommendations"ICRU Operational QuantitiesProbability of CausationSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersEXTERNAL RADIATION PROTECTIONDistance, Time, and ShieldingGamma-Ray ShieldingShielding in X-Ray InstallationsProtection from Beta RadiationNeutron ShieldingSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersINTERNAL DOSIMETRY AND RADIATION PROTECTIONObjectivesICRP PublicationMethodologyICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for the Respiratory SystemICRP-66 Human Respiratory Tract ModelICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for the Gastrointestinal TractOrgan Activities as Functions of TimeSpecific Absorbed Fraction, Specific Effective Energy, Committed QuantitiesNumber of Transformations in Source Organs over 50 YDosimetric Model for BoneICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for Submersion in a Radioactive CloudSelected ICRP-30 Metabolic Data for Reference ManSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersAPPENDIXA Physical ConstantsB Units and Conversion FactorsC Some Basic Formulas of Physics (MKS and CCS Units)D Selected Data on NuclidesE Statistical DerivationsIndex

O autorze

James S. Bogard is a Senior Health Physicist in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and an Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Nuclear Engineering and Anthropology at the University of Tennessee. He is the author or co-author of over 85 articles, technical reports and presentations, including a workbook of health physics problems and solutions. Dr. Bogard is a past president of the American Academy of Health Physics, a Fellow of the Health Physics Society and a Distinguished Alumnus of Texas State University.Darryl J. Downing is Vice President, Statistical and Quantitative Sciences, at GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceutical company. He was previously a member of the research staff at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and led the Statistics Group for 10 of his 20 years at ORNL. Dr. Downing graduated from the University of Florida in 1974 with a Ph.D. in Statistics. He has authored over 50 publications and has been a Fellow of the American Statistical Association since 2002. He is also a member of the International Statistics Institute since 1997 and serves on the editorial board for Pharmaceutical Statistics.Robert L. Coleman is a Senior Scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Technical Lead for in-vivo radio bioassay measurements. He manages the technical and day-to-day aspects of whole body, lung and organ measurements for gamma and x-ray emitting radionuclides in support of the ORNL radiation dosimetry program. Keith F. Eckerman is Staff Scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the Energy and Environmental Sciences Divison. He obtained his Ph.D in Radiological Physics from Northwestern University and joined the Oak Ridge National Laboratory as leader of the Dosimetry Research Group after working at Argonne National Laboratory and with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. He is a member of Committee 2 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and Chairman of its Task Group on Dose Calculations. In 1999 he received the Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award from the Health Physics Society and in 2001 the Loevinger-Berman Award from the Society of Nuclear Medicine.James E. Turner (1930-2008) was a retired Corporate Fellow from Oak Ridge National Laboratory and an Adjunct Professor of Nuclear Engineering at the University of Tennessee. In addition to extensive research and teaching both in the U. S. and abroad, Dr. Turner served on the editorial staffs of several professional journals, including Health Physics and Radiation Research, and was active in a number of scientific organizations.