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This study analyses poor relief in preindustrial Europe from 1800 to 1850, as a survival strategy of the poor and as a control strategy of the elites. It deals with poverty and the problems of the poor, but also with wealth and the concerns of the elites and of the middle classes. A simple model of poor relief is presented, based on insights derived from history, sociology and welfare economics. It is tested against the historical records of Amsterdam from 1800 to 1850. The study brings out some of the perennial problems of social policy, past and present, as well as some aspects of Old...

Yet, mutual and micro-insurance is becomingincreasingly important, both in the Western and in the non-Western world andbears re-examination.This book tracesthe track record of mutual insurance from 1550 to the present, examiningprovisions for burial, sickness, unemployment, old age, and widowhood.

Considers endogamy, the custom forbidding marriage outside one's social class, which is central to social history.