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For decades, students learning the Arabic language have begun with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and then transitioned to learning spoken Arabic. While the MSA-first approach neither reflects the sociolinguistic reality of the language nor gives students the communicative skills required to fully function in Arabic, the field continues to debate the widespread adoption of this approach. Little research or evidence has been presented about the effectiveness of integrating dialect in the curriculum. With the recent publication of textbooks that integrate dialect in the Arabic curriculum,...

Forgetfulness is one of the Maladies of Lucifer. When he was priest of angels, he forgot to pray to God to protect him from deviating from the straight path. It is written in the Laws of God: "Be sure we shall test you with something of fear" and Lucifer was most afraid of Adam in his clay form.

When finally God commanded the angels "Let each one that holds Me for his Lord straightway do reverence to this earth" many that loves God bowed themselves but Lucifer with them that were of his mind disobeyed. They said: "O Lord, we are spirit and therefore it is not just that we should do...

In the last few years, remarkable technological advances have been achieved in bridge engineering technology. These cover a wide spectrum of issues, ranging from design, maintenance, and rehabilitation methodologies to material and monitoring innovations.

Within an international framework of exchanging the state-of-the-art in the field of bridge engineering, the Fourth New York City Bridge Conference was held on August 27-28, 2007. This book contains a selected number of papers that were presented at the conference. These papers are valuable contributions to the body of knowledge in...

Ahmad Mahmoud sets The Neighbors against the backdrop of the oil nationalization crisis that gripped Iran in the early 1950s. His protagonist, Khaled, a young man from a rundown neighborhood in Ahvaz, a city in southern Iran, becomes involved in the struggle to wrest Iran's oil industry from the British and, as the result of his political activities, comes to realize that there is more to life than the drudgery and poverty his parents and neighbors have experienced.

The Neighbors, published in 1974, cemented Mahmoud's reputation as a novelist and captured...

Due to significant economic growth in the last few decades, increasing traffic loads impose tremendous demand on bridge structures. This, coupled with ongoing deterioration of bridges, introduces a unique challenge to bridge engineers in maintaining service of these infrastructure assets without disruption to vital economic and social activities. This requires innovative solutions and optimized methodologies to achieve safe and efficient operation of bridge structures.

Bridge engineering practitioners, researchers, owners, and contractors from all over the world presented...