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The success of endodontic treatment is influenced by the elimination of microorganisms in the infected root canals. The population of microorganisms in an infected root canal may be reduced significantly by chemomechanical preparation. Because chewing sticks are so commonly used in different areas of the world, a variety of studies have been performed on the antimicrobial effect of these sticks. However, the potential antimicrobial effects of Miswak as root canal irrigant is not yet currently known. The selection of Miswak from the Salvadora Persica tree for the present study was based on the...

Enterococc faecalis considered to be the mostresistant bacteria of the root canal, in the presentstudy we used two types of root canal disinfectant toshow their effect on this type of bacteria, the firstis the diode laser and the second NaOCl solution withspecial concentrations and times. the study conductedon human decoronated extracted teeth, adjusted with13mm root length, filled with a suspension of E.faecalis, Samples were divided into 14 groups eachgroup consisted of 10 prepared roots, sixty sampleswere irrigated with NaOCl solution at differentconcentrations (0.5%, 2.5% and 5.25%) at...

This book explores different meanings and practices of green infrastructure (GI). In particular, it examines the scope for GI in the Greater Cairo Region (GCR)of Egypt. In a number of countries, especially in North America and Europe, the nature of GI is increasingly well established and there have been some successful attempts at implementation. However, practice in Egypt appears to be encountering a number of problems. These are principally associated with the aridity of the country, weaknesses of planning and implementation procedures, rapid urbanisation and pressure for land, and weak...

The surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars (wisdom)tooth produces a significant degree of tissue trauma that causes an inflammatory reaction. The latter produces the usual postoperative signs and symptoms such as pain, facial oedema, and limited mouth opening due to muscle spasm (trismus). Cytokines are small secreted proteins which mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoietic. They are produced in response to an immune stimulus. They generally, although not always, act over short distances and short time spans and at very low concentration. This book describe...