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Entomopathogenic fungi are considered as essential natural regulators in population of different insects. These fungi have potential as mycoinsecticide agents alongside different agricultural insect pests. The mode of actions of these fungi mainly cause infection in body of their host through cuticle penetration, acquisition entrance to the host hemolymph, production of toxins, and grow by consuming nutrients which are existing in the hemocoel to avoid immune responses in insects. A total of 1600 different types of viruses are involved in the infection of 1100 different species of insects and...

Root-knot nematodes are considered one of the most destructive and difficult crop pests to be controlled. It cause economic losses for tomatoes and different vegetable crops in Egypt. There are several methods to manage the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp),the most important methods are by using synthetic nematicides, microorganisms,biopesticides, botanical pesticides and soil amendments which have been used as an attempt to protect the tomato plants. Biopesticides, botanical pesticide and microorganisms are being a new tools which proved to be an important and alternative in the course...

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder of methylmalonate and cobalamin (cbl; vitamin B12) metabolism. It results commonly from a defect in the gene encoding methylmalonyl CoA mutase apoenzyme MCM (mut MMA or vitamin B12-unresponsive MMA). This work highlights four aspects of methylmalonic aciduria diagnosis: First, it presents an overview of the diagnostic evaluation of patients with organic acidurias and several other IEMs by liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and isocratic "high-performance...