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African American women enslaved by the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek Nations led lives ranging from utter subjection to recognized kinship. Regardless of status, during Removal, they followed the Trail of Tears in the footsteps of their slaveholders, suffering the same life-threatening hardships and poverty.
As if Removal to Indian Territory weren t cataclysmic enough, the Civil War shattered the worlds of these slave women even more, scattering families, destroying property, and disrupting social and family relationships. Suddenly they were freed, but had nowhere...

Settlement on the Oklahoma frontier, which began as abruptly as a pistol shot on a starting line, produced a collision of cultures. "Women of Oklahoma, 1890-1920," uses primary sources, particularly diaries and letters, to tell the stories of white, black, and Native American women who crossed racial and cultural barriers to work together, first in domestic concerns and later in community and national affairs. The personal stories of pioneering Oklahoma women cross boundaries of race and class; their attitudes and concerns transcend time and place.